Argumentation
Understanding and Shaping Arguments
third edition
James A. Herrick
Hope College
Consulting editor: Robert Iltis, Oregon State University
CONTENTS (brief)
For a detailed table of contents, please click on this text line.
Preface
PART I: GOALS, SKILLS, AND FUNCTIONS OF ARGUMENTATION
1. An Introduction to Argumentation
2. The Elements of Arguments
3. Tools for Analyzing Arguments
PART II: THE CONDITIONS OF CONSTRUCTIVE ARGUMENTATION
4. Ethical Advocacy
5. Reasonable Arguments, Reasonable People
PART III: SUPPORT: THE CONTENT OF ARGUMENTS
6. Evaluating Evidence
7. Locating and Evaluating Sources of Evidence
8. Using Statistics as Evidence
9. Testimony as Evidence
PART IV: VALIDITY: THE STRUCTURE OF ARGUMENTS
10. Validity in Conditional and Enumeration Arguments
11.Validity in Categorical Arguments
PART V: LINGUISTIC CONSISTENCY: LANGUAGE IN ARGUMENT
12. Definition in Argument
13. Ambiguity, Equivocation, and Other Language Considerations
PART VI: TYPES AND TESTS OF ARGUMENTS
14. Analogies and Examples
15. Reasoning about Causes
16. Moral and Practical Arguments
17. Essential Nature Arguments
18. Fallacies and Appeals
PART VII: DEVELOPING AND ADAPTING YOUR CASE
19. Policy Case Construction
20. Adapting Arguments to an Audience
Glossary
Index
About the Author
CONTENTS (detailed)
Preface
PART I: GOALS, SKILLS, AND FUNCTIONS OF ARGUMENTATION
Chapter 1: An Introduction to Argumentation
Argumentation in a Free and Pluralistic Society
Advocacy, Power, and Free Societies
Argumentation in a Pluralistic Culture
Goals of Studying Argument
What Arguments Do: Justify, Persuade, Discover
The Place of Values in Argument
Agreement and Cooperation in Argumentation
A Commitment to Ethical Advocacy
Chapter Review
Exercises
Chapter 2: The Elements of Arguments
Arguments: Conclusions and Their Reasons
Assertion vs. Argument
Identifying Reasons and Conclusions
Two Types of Reasons: Evidence and Connectives
Propositions of Fact, Value, and Policy
Propositions of Fact
Propositions of Value Propositions of Policy
Chapter Review
Exercises
Chapter 3: Tools for Analyzing Arguments
When Arguments Are and Are Not Likely
When We Expect Arguments
When We Don't Expect Arguments
Deductive and Inductive Arguments
Three Tools for Analyzing Arguments
Tool 1: Scanning
Tool 2: Standardizing
Tool 3: Diagramming
Complementary Reasons
Missing Elements in Arguments
Chapter Review
Exercises
PART II: THE CONDITIONS OF CONSTRUCTIVE ARGUMENTATION
Chapter 4: Ethical Advocacy
Argumentation, Advocacy, and Ethics
Argument Ethics and Social Pluralism
Some Approaches to Argument Ethics
Virtues in Argumentation
Chapter Review
Exercises
Chapter 5: Reasonable Arguments, Reasonable People
Reasonable Arguments
Support
Validity
Linguistic Consistency
Reasonable People
Responding to Arguments
Chapter Review
Exercises
PART III: SUPPORT: THE CONTENT OF ARGUMENTS
Chapter 6: Evaluating Evidence
Evidence and Values
General Tests of Evidence
1. Accessibility: Is the Evidence Available?
2. Credibility: Is the Source of the Evidence Reliable?
3. Internal Consistency: Does the Evidence Contradict Itself?
4. External Consistency: Does the Evidence Contradict Other Evidence?
5. Recency: Is the Evidence Up to Date?
6. Relevance: Does the Evidence Bear on the Conclusion?
7. Adequacy: Is the Evidence Sufficient to Support Its Claim?
Interpreting Evidence
Interpreting Evidence for Clarity
Interpretation to Support a Conclusion
Chapter Review
Exercises
Chapter 7: Locating and Evaluating Sources of Evidence
Sources of Evidence
Periodicals
Books
Television
Interviews
The Internet
Ascertaining a Source's Political Perspective
Chapter Review
Exercises
Chapter 8: Using Statistics as Evidence
Record-Keeping
Sampling and Generalization
Representativeness of Samples
Interpreting Statistics
Means, Modes, Medians, and Misleading Statistics
Interpretation for Prediction
Interpretation for Clarity and Impact
Chapter Review
Exercises
Chapter 9: Testimony as Evidence
Types of Testimony
Lay Testimony
Expert Testimony
Combining Testimony with Statistical Evidence
Biased, Reluctant, and Unbiased Testimony
Concurrent Testimony
Guidelines for Using Testimony as Evidence
Chapter Review
Exercises
PART IV: VALIDITY: THE STRUCTURE OF ARGUMENTS
Chapter 10: Validity in Conditional and Enumeration Arguments
Validity in Conditional Reasoning
Testing Validity in a Conditional Argument
Maintaining Consistent Wording
Negative Conditions
Necessary and Sufficient Conditions
The Argument from Direction: A Special Case of Conditional Reasoning
Validity in Enumerative Reasoning
Testing Validity in Enumeration Arguments
Testing the Enumerated Options
Disjunctives and Dilemmas
Chapter Review
Exercises
Chapter 11: Validity in Categorical Arguments
Terms and Their Distribution
Distribution in Other Types of Statements
Conversion
Categorical Arguments: Rules of Validity
Applying the Rules of Validity
Abbreviated Categorical Arguments
Chapter Review
Exercises
PART V: LINGUISTIC CONSISTENCY: LANGUAGE IN ARGUMENT
Chapter 12: Definition in Argument
Definition Reports: Defining for Clarity and Emphasis
Argumentative Definitions
Argumentative Definitions and Categorical Reasoning
Strategies of Definition
Circular Definitions
Distinction without a Difference
Evaluating Definitions
Definition and Context
Sources of Definitions
Chapter Review
Exercises
Chapter 13: Ambiguity, Equivocation, and Other Language Considerations
Ambiguity
Equivocation
Other Language Considerations
Redundancy
Mixed Metaphor
Unintentionally Funny Statement
Choosing the Wrong Word
Misusing a Common Expression
Chapter Review
Exercises
PART VI: TYPES AND TESTS OF ARGUMENTS
Chapter 14: Analogies and Examples
Analogies
Literal Analogies
Metaphors or Figurative Analogies
Arguing from an Example
Metonymy
Chapter Review
Exercises
Chapter 15: Reasoning about Causes
Arguments Advancing Hypotheses
The Structure of Arguments Advancing Hypotheses
Developing a Hypothesis
Evaluating a Hypothesis
Arguing for Cause by Analogy
Arguing for Cause by Enumeration
Arguments Generalizing about Cause
Reasoning from Correlation Alone
The Post Hoc Fallacy
Chapter Review
Exercises
Chapter 16: Moral and Practical Arguments
Pragmatic and Principle Arguments
The Pragmatic Argument
The Argument from Principle
Arguments from Quantity and Quality
The Argument from Quantity
The Argument from Quality
Chapter Review
Exercises
Chapter 17: Loci Communes II: Essential Nature Arguments
The Genetic Argument
Testing the Genetic Argument
The Argument from Intent
Testing the Argument from Intent
The Argument from Function
Sources of Function
The Person/Act Argument
Testing the Person/Act Argument
Charging Inconsistency
Chapter Review
Exercises
Chapter 18: Fallacies and Appeals
Fallacies
Fallacies of Faulty Assumption
Fallacies Directed to the Person
Fallacies of Case Presentation
Fallacies of Suggestion
Appeals
Appeals to Authority
Emotional Appeals
Reductio Ad Absurdum
Chapter Review
Exercises
PART VII: DEVELOPING AND ADAPTING YOUR CASE
Chapter 19: Policy Case Construction
Informing and Persuading
Establishing the Problem
Advancing a Plan or Solution
Answering Counter-Arguments
Suggesting Benefits
Chapter Review
Exercises
Chapter 20: Adapting Arguments to an Audience
Demographic Analysis
Values Analysis
Dispositional Analysis
A Case Study in Audience Adaptation
Chapter Review
Exercises
Glossary
Index
Copyright © 2007 by James A. Herrick.
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