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New edition!
Argumentation
Understanding and Shaping Arguments
fourth edition
James A. Herrick
Hope College
CONTENTS
For a detailed table of contents, please click on this link.
PART I: GOALS, SKILLS, AND FUNCTIONS OF ARGUMENTATION
Chapter 1: An Introduction to Argumentation
Chapter 2: The Elements of Arguments
Chapter 3: Tools for Analyzing Arguments
PART II: THE CONDITIONS OF CONSTRUCTIVE ARGUMENTATION
Chapter 4: Ethical Advocacy
Chapter 5: Reasonable Arguments, Reasonable People
PART III: SUPPORT: THE CONTENT OF ARGUMENTS
Chapter 6: Evaluating Evidence
Chapter 7: Locating and Evaluating Sources of Evidence
Chapter 8: Using Statistics as Evidence
Chapter 9: Using Testimony as Evidence
PART IV: VALIDITY: THE STRUCTURE OF ARGUMENTS
Chapter 10: Validity in Conditional and Enumeration Arguments
Chapter 11: Validity in Categorical Arguments
PART V: LINGUISTIC CONSISTENCY: LANGUAGE IN ARGUMENT
Chapter 12: Definition in Argument
Chapter 13: Ambiguity, Equivocation, and Other Language Considerations
PART VI: TYPES AND TESTS OF ARGUMENTS
Chapter 14: Analogies, Examples, and Narratives
Chapter 15: Reasoning about Causes
Chapter 16: Moral and Practical Arguments
Chapter 17: Essential Nature Arguments
Chapter 18: Fallacies and Appeals
PART VII: DEVELOPING AND ADAPTING YOUR CASE
Chapter 19: Policy Case Construction
Chapter 20: Adapting Arguments to an Audience
Glossary
Index
CONTENTS (detailed)
Preface
PART I: GOALS, SKILLS, AND FUNCTIONS OF ARGUMENTATION
Chapter 1: An Introduction to Argumentation
Argumentation in a Free and Pluralistic Society
Advocacy, Power, and Free Societies
Argumentation in a Pluralistic Culture
Goals of Studying Argument
What Arguments Do: Justify, Persuade, Discover
The Place of Values in Argument
Agreement and Cooperation in Argumentation
A Commitment to Ethical Advocacy
Chapter 2: The Elements of Arguments
Arguments: Conclusions and Their Reasons
Assertion vs. Argument
Identifying Reasons and Conclusions
Two Types of Reasons: Evidence and Connectives
Propositions of Fact, Value, and Policy
Propositions of Fact
Propositions of Value
Propositions of Policy
Chapter 3: Tools for Analyzing Arguments
When Arguments Are and Are Not Likely
When We Expect Arguments
When We Don’t Expect Arguments
Deductive and Inductive Arguments
Three Tools for Analyzing Arguments
Tool 1: Scanning
Tool 2: Standardizing
Tool 3: Diagramming
The Toulmin Model and the Hidden Elements of Arguments
PART II: THE CONDITIONS OF CONSTRUCTIVE ARGUMENTATION
Chapter 4: Ethical Advocacy
Argumentation, Advocacy, and Ethics
Argument Ethics and Social Pluralism
Some Approaches to Argument Ethics
Virtues in Argumentation
Chapter 5: Reasonable Arguments, Reasonable People
Reasonable Arguments
Support
Validity
Linguistic Consistency
Reasonable People
Responding to Arguments
PART III: SUPPORT: THE CONTENT OF ARGUMENTS
Chapter 6: Evaluating Evidence
Evidence and Values
General Tests of Evidence
Accessibility: Is the Evidence Available?
Credibility: Is the Source of the Evidence Reliable?
Internal Consistency: Does the Evidence Contradict Itself?
External Consistency: Does the Evidence Contradict Other Evidence?
Recency: Is the Evidence Up-to-Date?
Relevance: Does the Evidence Bear on the Conclusion?
Adequacy: Is the Evidence Sufficient to Support Its Claim?
Evaluating Visual Evidence
Interpreting Evidence
Interpreting Evidence for Clarity
Interpretation to Support a Conclusion
Chapter 7: Locating and Evaluating Sources of Evidence
Sources of Evidence
Periodicals
Books
Television
Interviews
The Internet
Ascertaining a Source’s Political Perspective
Chapter 8: Using Statistics as Evidence
Record-Keeping
Sampling and Generalization
Representativeness of Samples
Interpreting Statistics
Means, Modes, Medians, and Misleading Statistics
Interpretation for Prediction
Interpretation for Clarity and Impact
Chapter 9: Using Testimony as Evidence
Types of Testimony
Lay Testimony
Expert Testimony
Combining Testimony with Statistical Evidence
Biased, Reluctant, and Unbiased Testimony
Concurrent Testimony
Guidelines for Using Testimony as Evidence
PART IV: VALIDITY: THE STRUCTURE OF ARGUMENTS
Chapter 10: Validity in Conditional and Enumeration Arguments
Validity in Conditional Reasoning
Testing Validity in a Conditional Argument
Maintaining Consistent Wording
Negative Conditions
Necessary and Sufficient Conditions
The Argument from Direction: A Special Case of Conditional Reasoning
Validity in Enumerative Reasoning
Testing Validity in Enumeration Arguments
Testing the Enumerated Options
Disjunctives and Dilemmas
Chapter 11: Validity in Categorical Arguments
Terms and Their Distribution
Distribution in Other Types of Statements
Conversion
Categorical Arguments: Rules of Validity
Applying the Rules of Validity
Abbreviated Categorical Arguments
PART V: LINGUISTIC CONSISTENCY: LANGUAGE IN ARGUMENT
Chapter 12: Definition in Argument
Definition Reports: Defining for Clarity and Emphasis
Argumentative Definitions
Argumentative Definitions and Categorical Reasoning
Strategies of Definition
Circular Definition
Distinction without a Difference
Evaluating Definitions
Definition and Context
Sources of Definitions
Chapter 13: Ambiguity, Equivocation, and Other Language Considerations
Ambiguity
Equivocation
Other Language Considerations
Redundancy
Mixed Metaphor
Choosing the Wrong Word
Misusing a Common Expression
PART VI: TYPES AND TESTS OF ARGUMENTS
Chapter 14: Analogies, Examples, and Narratives
Analogies
Literal Analogies
Metaphors or Figurative Analogies
Arguing from an Example
Metonymy
Narrative Arguments
Narrative Argument: Pros and Cons
Protagonists, Values, and Worldview
Tests of Narrative Arguments
Chapter 15: Reasoning about Causes
Arguments Advancing Hypotheses
The Structure of Arguments Advancing Hypotheses
Developing a Hypothesis
Evaluating a Hypothesis
Arguments from Sign
Arguing for Cause by Analogy
Arguing for Cause by Enumeration
Arguments Generalizing about Cause
Reasoning from Correlation Alone
The Post Hoc Fallacy
Observational versus Randomized Studies
Chapter 16: Moral and Practical Arguments
Pragmatic and Principle Arguments
Pragmatic Arguments
Arguments from Principle
Arguments from Quantity and Quality
Arguments from Quantity
Arguments from Quality
Chapter 17: Essential Nature Arguments
Genetic Arguments
Testing the Genetic Argument
Arguments from Intent
Testing the Argument from Intent
Arguments from Function
Testing the Argument from Function
Sources of Function
Person/Act Arguments
Testing the Person/Act Argument
Charging Inconsistency
Visual Arguments from Essential Nature
Evaluating Visual Essential Nature Arguments
Chapter 18: Fallacies and Appeals
Fallacies
Fallacies of Faulty Assumption
Fallacies Directed to the Person
Fallacies of Case Presentation
Fallacies of Suggestion
Appeals
Appeals to Authority
Emotional Appeals
Reductio Ad Absurdum
PART VII: DEVELOPING AND ADAPTING YOUR CASE
Chapter 19: Policy Case Construction
Informing and Persuading
Sample Essay Analysis
Establishing a Problem
Advancing a Plan or Solution
Answering Counter-Arguments
Suggesting Benefits and Concluding
Chapter 20: Adapting Arguments to an Audience
Demographic Analysis
Values Analysis
Dispositional Analysis
A Case Study in Audience Adaptation
Glossary
Index
About the Author
copyright 2011 James A. Herrick
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